Scholarship has also emerged to critically assess the social justice outcomes of urban agriculture, examining the racial, ethnic, and class disparities that exist within urban agriculture organizations and farm and garden projects, examining who controls and benefits from food-growing activities, and scrutinizing instances in which urban agriculture risks perpetuating social divisions, with communities with a higher socio-economic status being able to access funding and land more easily than less-advantaged communities. For example, reports from John Hopkins University, University of California, and Toronto Urban Growers provide evidence of such co-benefits and suggest indicators to measure socio-cultural, health, economic, and environmental outcomes of urban agriculture. A recognition that urban farms and gardens produce many co-benefits, some by design and some as unintended consequences, has encouraged researchers to measure and analyze these impacts.
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